1. Scottish: from a habitation surname from a number of places [with spelling variations]. Â The one near Thurso is from Old Norse for "calf + valley". Â The others are mostly from river names with unclear meaning; possibilities are "cold" [Old Norse] or "hazel water [Gaelic].
2. English: Cumbrian river/habitation surname from Old Welsh meaning "harsh/violent + water/stream".
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